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abdomen (AB-do-men): The part of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver,gallbladder, and other organs.

abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.

acetaminophen: A drug that reduces pain and fever (but not inflammation).

acetylcysteine: A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. Also called N-acetylcysteine.

achlorhydria (a-klor-HY-dree-a): A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps digest food.

acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands.

acoustic (ah-KOOS-tik): Having to do with sound or hearing.

actinic keratosis (ak-TIN-ik ker-a-TOE-sis): A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis.

activate: In biology, to stimulate a cell in a resting state to become active. This causes biochemical and functional changes in the activated cell.

acupressure: The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to control symptoms such as pain or nausea. Also used to stop bleeding.

acupuncture: The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms.

acustimulation: Mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

acute: Having the abrupt onset of symptoms and a short course; not chronic.

acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow).

acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia.

acyclovir: An antiviral agent used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex infections that may occur when the body is immunosuppressed.

adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties.

adenoma (ad-in-O-ma): A noncancerous tumor.

adenopathy (ad-en-OP-a-thee): Large or swollen lymph glands.

adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene.

adjunctive therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment.

adjuvant therapy (AD-joo-vant): Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.

adrenal glands (ah-DREE-nal): A pair of small glands, one located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands produce sex hormones and hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, and other vital functions.

adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine.

adverse effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment.

aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present.

aerobic metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration.

aerobic respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism.

aflatoxins (AF-la-TOK-sins): Substances made by a fungus that is often found on poorly stored grains and nuts. Aflatoxins have been implicated as a factor in the etiology of primary liver cancer.

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor.

AG3340: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. AG3340 is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Also called prinomastat.

aggressive: A quickly growing cancer.

agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug.

AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An acquired defect in immune system function caused by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). AIDS is associated with increased susceptibility to certain cancers and to opportunistic infections, which are infections that occur rarely except in individuals with weak immune systems.

aldesleukin: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents. Also called interleukin-2 or IL-2.

alendronate sodium: A drug that affects bone metabolism. It is used in treating osteoporosis and Paget's disease, and is being studied in the treatment of hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and in treating and reducing the risk of bone pain caused by cancer. Alendronate sodium belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates.

alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer.

alkylating agents: A family of anticancer drugs that interferes with the cell's DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth.

allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species.

allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (AL-o-jen-AY-ik): A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor.

allopurinol: A drug that lowers high levels of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood caused by some cancer treatments.

allovectin-7: A compound used for immunotherapy.

alpha-fetoprotein (AL-fa-FEE-toe-PRO-teen): AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor.

alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.

alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate.

ALVAC-CEA vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing a canary pox virus (ALVAC) combined with the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene.

alveoli (al-VEE-o-lye): Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs.

amifostine: A drug used as a chemoprotective drug to control some of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

amikacin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called aminoglycoside antibiotics.

amino acid sequence: The arrangement of amino acids in a protein. Proteins can be made from 20 different kinds of amino acids, and the structure and function of each type of protein are determined by the kinds of amino acids used to make it and how they are arranged.

aminocamptothecin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.

aminoglutethimide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide is used to decrease the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and suppress the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow.

aminolevulinic acid: A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells.

aminopterin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

amoxicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called penicillins or penicillin derivatives.

amphotericin B: An antifungal drug used to treat infection.

amputation (am-pyoo-TAY-shun): Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage.

amsacrine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.

amylase (AM-il-aze): An enzyme that helps the body digest starches.

amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands.

anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel.

analgesics: Drugs that reduce pain. These drugs include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen.

analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another.

anaplastic (an-ah-PLAS-tik): A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells.

anastomosis (an-AS-ta-MO-sis): A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed.

anastrozole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Anastrozole is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen to grow.

androgen suppression: Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs. Also called androgen ablation.

androgens (AN-dro-jens): A family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.

anecdotal report: An incomplete description of the medical and treatment history of one or more patients. Anecdotal reports may be published in places other than peer-reviewed, scientific journals.

anemia (a-NEE-mee-a): A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal.

anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha): Loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.

anesthetics (an-es-THET-iks): Substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.

anetholtrithione: A drug that may reduce the risk of development or progression of cancer.

Angelica root: The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Angelica root may have anticancer effects.

angiogenesis (an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis): Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor.

angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor.

angiogram (AN-jee-o-gram): An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray.

angiography (an-jee-AH-gra-fee): A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures.

angiosarcoma (AN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma): A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels.

anhydrovinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.

animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models.

anorexia: An abnormal loss of the appetite for food. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, AIDS, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases.

ansamycins: A group of anticancer drugs that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics.

anterior mediastinotomy (MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee): A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and spine. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called the Chamberlain procedure.

anthracenediones: A subgroup of the family of anticancer drugs called anticancer antibiotics.

anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics.

anthraquinones: A family of anticancer drugs.

anti-CEA antibody: An antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein present on certain types of cancer cells.

anti-idiotype vaccine: A vaccine made of antibodies that see other antibodies as the antigen and bind to it. Anti-idiotype vaccines can stimulate the body to produce antibodies against tumor cells.

anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation.

antiandrogen therapy: Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones.

antiandrogens (an-tee-AN-dro-jens): Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones.

antiangiogenesis: Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels.

antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels.

antibiotic (an-tih-by-AH-tik): A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.

antibody (AN-tih-BOD-ee): A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen.

antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.

anticachexia: Refers to a drug used to treat cachexia.

anticancer antibiotics: A group of anticancer drugs that block cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called antitumor antibiotics or antineoplastic antibiotics.

anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner.

anticonvulsants (an-tee-kon-VUL-sants): Drugs that prevent, reduce, or stop convulsions or seizures.

antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression.

antiemetics: Drugs that prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting.

antifungals: Drugs that treat infections caused by fungi.

antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response.

antigen-presenting cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Also called APC vaccine.

antigens: Substances that cause the immune system to make a specific immune response.

antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction.

antimetastatic: Having to do with reducing inflammation.

antineoplastic antibiotics: A group of anticancer drugs that block cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called anticancer antibiotics or antitumor antibiotics.

antineoplastons: Substances isolated from normal human blood and urine being tested as a type of treatment for some tumors and AIDS.

antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation.

antiparasitics: Drugs used to treat bacterial and parasitic infections and some cancers.

antisense c-fos: Synthetic genetic material that may slow or stop the growth of cancer cells.

antithymocyte globulin (an-tee-THIGH-mo-site GLOB-yoo-lin): A protein used to reduce the risk of or to treat graft-versus-host disease.

antituberculosis: Refers to a drug used to treat tuberculosis.

antivirals: Drugs used to treat infections caused by viruses.

anus (AY-nus): The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.

APC vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Also called antigen-presenting cell vaccine.

aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells.

aplidine: An anticancer drug obtained from a marine animal.

apoptosis (ap-o-TOE-sis): A normal series of events in a cell that leads to its death.

aqueous: Having to do with water.

areola (a-REE-o-la): The area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the nipple.

arginine butyrate: A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer.

aromatase inhibition (a-ROW-ma-tays in- hib-ISH-un): Prevention of the formation of estradiol, a female hormone, by interfering with an aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibition is a type of hormone therapy used in postmenopausal women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer.

arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells.

arterial embolization (ar-TEE-ree-al EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun): The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor.

arteriogram (ar-TEER-ee-o-gram): An x-ray of arteries; the person receives an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray.

arteriography (ar-TEE-ree-AH-gra-fee): A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray.

arthritis: A disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints.

asbestos (as-BES-tus): A natural material that is made up of tiny fibers. The fibers can cause cancer.

ascites (ah-SYE-teez): Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.

asparaginase: An anticancer drug that is an enzyme.

aspergillosis: An infectious fungal disease that occurs most often in the skin, ears, nasal sinuses, and lungs of people with suppressed immune systems.

aspirate (AS-pi-rit): Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple.

aspiration (as-per-AY-shun): Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and a syringe.

aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention.

astrocytoma (as-tro-sye-TOE-mas): A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes.

asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease.

atamestane: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens. Atamestane blocks the production of the hormone estrogen in the body.

ataxia: Loss of muscle coordination.

ataxic gait (ah-TAK-sik): Awkward, uncoordinated walking.

atypical hyperplasia (hy-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number.

autoclave-resistant factor: A substance found in soybeans that may slow down or stop the spread of cancer. This substance does not break down in an autoclave (a device that uses high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms and clean medical equipment).

autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them.

autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA.

autologous bone marrow transplantation (aw-TAHL-o-gus): A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment.

autologous lymphocytes: A person's white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease.

autologous tumor cells: Cancer cells from an individual's own tumor.

axilla (ak-SIL-a): The underarm or armpit.

axillary (AK-sil-air-ee): Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there.

axillary dissection (AK-sil-air-ee): Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region.

axillary lymph node dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region.

axillary lymph nodes: Lymph nodes found in the armpit that drain the lymph channels from the breast.

azacitidine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

B cells: White blood cells that develop from bone marrow and produce antibodies. Also called B lymphocytes.

B lymphocytes: White blood cells that make antibodies and are an important part of the immune system. B lymphocytes come from bone marrow. Also called B cells.

B3 antigen: A protein found on some tumor cells.

B43-BAP immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.

bacteria: A large group of single-cell microoganisms associated with infections and disease in animals and humans. The singular of bacteria is bacterium.

bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells.

barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy.

barium enema: A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray.

barium solution: A liquid containing barium sulfate that is used in x-rays to highlight parts of the digestive system.

barium swallow: A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called an esophagram.

basal cell carcinoma (BAY-sal sel kar-sin-O-ma): A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin.

basal cells (BAY-sal): Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin.

basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes.

batimastat: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Batimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.

BAY 12-9566: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

BCG vaccine: An anticancer drug (bacille calmette-Guerin) that activates the immune system. Filling the bladder with a solution of BCG is a form of biological therapy for superficial bladder cancer.

bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139: A drug that may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer.

beclomethasone: A drug being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. It is a corticosteroid analog.

benign (beh-NINE): Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

benign prostatic hyperplasia (hye-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH.

benign tumor (beh-NINE): A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

benzoylphenylurea: A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitubulin agents. Also called BPU.

Beriplast P: A substance used in surgical wound healing to cause a blood clot to form. It consists of blood-clotting factors found naturally in human blood.

beta alethine: A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to a family of chemicals called disulfides.

beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids.

beta-endorphin: A neuropeptide that mediates pain perception.

beta-glucans: Complex compounds produced by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer. They may have antibacterial, anticancer, antiparasitic, and antiviral effects.

bevacizumab: A monoclonal antibody that may prevent the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor.

bexarotene: An anticancer drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells. Also called LGD1069.

Biafine cream: A topical preparation to reduce the risk of, and treat skin reactions to, radiation therapy.

BIBX 1382: A drug that may inhibit tumor cells from multiplying. It is being studied for its ability to treat cancer.

bicalutamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens.

bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body.

bilateral cancer: Cancer that occurs in both paired organs, such as both breasts or both ovaries.

bile: A fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is excreted into the small intestine where it helps digest fat.

bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver.

biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder.

binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders.

bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body.

biochanin A: An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer.

biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow.

biological response modifier (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease.

biological therapy (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.

biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers.

Biomed 101: A substance that is being studied for its ability to decrease the side effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2).

biopsy (BY-ahp-see): The removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When an entire tumor or lesion is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration.

biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present.

bispecific antibodies: Antibodies developed in the laboratory to recognize more than one protein on the surface of different cells. Examples include bispecific antibodies 2B1, 520C9xH22, mDX-H210, and MDX447.

bizelesin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. It is also an antitumor antibiotic.

BL22 immunotoxin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bacterial immunotoxins. BL22 is a bacterial toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.

bladder: The organ that stores urine.

blasts: Immature blood cells.

bleomycin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.

blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel.

blood-brain barrier: A network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that makes it difficult for potentially toxic substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate the blood vessel walls and enter the brain.

bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion.

bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus.

bone marrow: The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

bone marrow ablation: The destruction of bone marrow using radiation or drugs.

bone marrow aspiration (as-per-AY-shun): The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope.

bone marrow biopsy (BY-ahp-see): The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope.

bone marrow metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone marrow.

bone marrow transplantation (trans-plan-TAY-shun): A procedure to replace bone marrow destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own marrow saved before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else), or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin).

bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.

bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner.

boron neutron capture therapy: A type of radiation therapy. The person is given an intravenous infusion containing the element boron, which concentrates in the tumor cells. The person then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons from a small research nuclear reactor. The radiation is absorbed by the boron, killing the tumor cells without harming normal cells.

bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine.

Bowen's disease (BO-uns disease): A skin disease marked by scaly or thickened patches on the skin, and often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches often occur on sun- exposed areas of the skin and in older, white men. These patches may become malignant (cancerous). Also called precancerous dermatosis or precancerous dermatitis.

brachytherapy (BRAKE-ih-THER-a-pee): A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.

brain metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain.

brain stem: The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.

brain stem tumor: A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem).

BRCA1: A gene located on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. Inheriting an altered version of BRCA1 predisposes an individual to breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.

BRCA2: A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.

breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy.

breast-conserving surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor).

Brief Pain Inventory: A questionnaire used to measure pain.

bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry.

bronchi (BRONK-eye): The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.

bronchioles (BRON-kee-olz): The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs.

bronchitis (bron-KYE-tis): Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi.

bronchoscope (BRON-ko-skope): A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the trachea and bronchi, the air passages that lead into the lungs.

bronchoscopy (bron-KOS-ko-pee): A procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted through the nose or mouth. This allows examination of the inside of the trachea and bronchi (air passages that lead to the lung), as well as the lung. Bronchoscopy may be used to detect cancer or to perform some treatment procedures.

bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung.

broxuridine: A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and is also used as a diagnostic agent to determine how fast cancer cells grow.

bryostatin-1: A drug used for its antitumor activity.

buccal mucosa (BUK-ul myoo-KO-sa): The inner lining of the cheeks and lips.

budesonide: A steroid being studied as an anticancer drug. Budesonide is commonly used to treat asthma and rhinitis.

Burkitt's lymphoma: A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that most often occurs in young people aged 12-30 years. The disease usually causes a rapidly growing tumor in the abdomen.

buserelin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormones. In prostate cancer therapy, buserelin blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles.

busulfan: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

buthionine sulfoximine: A drug that may help prevent resistance to some anticancer drugs.

bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids.

c-erbB-2: The gene that controls cell growth by making the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Also called HER2/neu.

CA-125: Substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer.

cachexia: The loss of body weight and muscle mass frequently seen in patients with cancer, AIDS, or other diseases.

calcitonin: A hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels.

calcitriol: A vitamin D analogue (a drug made in the laboratory that is chemically similar to vitamin D).

calcium (KAL-see-um): A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues.

calcium carbonate: A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis. It is also being studied for cancer prevention.

caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed.

camphor: A substance that comes from the wood and bark of the camphor tree or is made in the laboratory. It has a very unique smell and taste and is used in commercial products (for example, mothballs). Camphor is used in topical anti-infective and anti-pruritic (anti-itching) agents.

camptothecin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.

camptothecin analogue: An anticancer drug related in structure to camptothecin, a topoisomerase inhibitor. One such drug is aminocamptothecin.

cancer: A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

cancer of unknown primary origin: Cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be determined.

cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer.

capecitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

capsaicin: A component of certain plants, including cayenne and red pepper, used topically for peripheral nerve pain. Also being studied for controlling mucositis pain after chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

captopril: A drug used to lower high blood pressure. It belongs to the family of drugs called ACE inhibitors.

carbendazim: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.

carbogen: An inhalant of oxygen and carbon dioxide that increases the sensitivity of tumor cells to the effects of radiation therapy.

carboplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.

carboxyamidotriazole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

carboxypeptidase-G2: A bacterial enzyme that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. It is used to neutralize the toxic effects of methotrexate.

carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1: CAP-1. A protein that can stimulate an immune response to certain tumors.

carcinogen (kar-SIN-o-jin): Any substance that causes cancer.

carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

carcinoid (KAR-sin-oyd): A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign.

carcinoma (kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

carcinoma in situ (kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began and has not spread to neighboring tissues.

carcinosarcoma: A malignant tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma (cancer of epithelial tissue, which is skin and tissue that lines or covers the internal organs) and sarcoma (cancer of connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat).

cardiac: Having to do with the heart.

cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs.

cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart.

cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels.

carmustine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer.

cartilage (KAR-tih-lij): A type of connective tissue that contains cells (chondrocytes) surrounded by a tough but flexible matrix. The cartilage matrix is made of several types of the protein collagen and several types of proteoglycans, which are combinations of protein and long sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate is the major glycosaminoglycan in cartilage.

carzelesin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin).

case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment.

caspofungin acetate: A drug used to prevent or treat infections caused by a fungus (a type of microorganism). It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.

castration: Removal or destruction of the testicles or ovaries using radiation, surgery, or drugs. Medical castration refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles.

CAT scan: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography, computed tomography (CT scan) or computerized tomography.

catheter (KATH-i-ter): A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.

cauterization (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun): The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance.

CC-1088: A drug that is similar but not identical to thalidomide and is being studied as an anticancer drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

CC-49 monoclonal antibody: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.

CCI-779: An anticancer drug that inhibits the growth of cancer cells by preventing cell division.

CD34 antigen: A protein found on the surface of some bone marrow and blood cells.

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen. A substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people with certain cancers.

CEA assay: A laboratory test to measure carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people who have certain cancers.

ceftriaxone: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporin antibiotics.

celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention.

cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

cell differentiation: The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

cell motility: The ability of a cell to move.

cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.

cell respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism or aerobic metabolism, or aerobic respiration.

cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces.

cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others.

central nervous system: CNS. The brain and spinal cord.

central venous access catheter: A tube surgically placed into a blood vessel for the purpose of giving intravenous fluid and drugs. It also can be used to obtain blood samples. This device avoids the need for separate needle insertions for each infusion.

CEP-2563 dihydrochloride: A growth factor antagonist that may stop tumor cells from growing.

cephalexin: An antibiotic drug that belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporins.

cephalosporins: A family of antibiotic drugs that is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections.

ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment.

cerebellum (sair-uh-BELL-um): The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions.

cerebral hemispheres (seh-REE-bral HEM-iss-feerz): The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body.

cerebrospinal fluid (seh-REE-bro-SPY-nal): CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain.

cerebrum (seh-REE-brum): The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.

cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus.

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (SER-vih-kul in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul NEE-o-play-zha): CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells.

cervix (SER-viks): The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.

cetuximab: A type of monoclonal antibody being studied as an anticancer drug. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.

CGP 48664: An anticancer drug that may inhibit the growth of some tumors.

chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time.

chemoprevention (KEE-mo-pre-VEN-shun): The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer.

chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs.

chemosensitivity assay: A laboratory test to analyze the responsiveness of a tumor to a specific drug.

chemosensitizer: A drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.

chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer.

chemotherapy (kee-mo-THER-a-pee): Treatment with anticancer drugs.

chest wall: The muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.

chlorambucil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide: CQS. A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug.

cholangiosarcoma (ko-LAN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma): A tumor of the connective tissues of the bile ducts.

chondrocytes: Cartilage cells. They make the structural components of cartilage.

chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage.

chromosome (KRO-mo-some): Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes.

chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time.

chronic leukemia (KRAHN-ik): A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues.

chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body.

chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia.

chronic myeloid leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia.

CHS 828: A drug that is being studied as a treatment for solid tumors.

CI-958: A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called DNA-intercalating compounds.

CI-994: A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Also called N-acetyldinaline.

cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses.

cimetidine: A drug usually used to treat stomach ulcers and heartburn. It is also commonly used in a regimen to prevent allergic reactions.

ciprofloxacin: An anti-infective drug that is also being studied in bladder cancer chemotherapy.

circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system.

cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease.

cisplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.

cladribine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

clarithromycin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called macrolides.

clinical: Having to do with the examination and treatment of patients.

clinical resistance: The failure of a cancer to shrink after treatment.

clinical series: A case series in which the patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility.

clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials).

clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease.

clodronate: A drug used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). It may decrease pain, the risk of fractures, and the development of new bone metastases.

CNS: Central nervous system. The brain and spinal cord.

CNS metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the central nervous system.

CNS prophylaxis (pro-fih-LAK-sis): Chemotherapy or radiation therapy given to the central nervous system (CNS) as a preventive treatment. It is given to kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal cord, even though no cancer has been detected there.

CNS tumors: Tumors of the central nervous system, including brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma.

co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections.

coactivated T cells: T cells that have been coated with monoclonal antibodies to enhance their ability to kill tumor cells.

COL-3: An anticancer drug that may stop tumor growth by preventing the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor.

colectomy (ko-LEK-toe-mee): An operation to remove the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision.

collagen: A fibrous protein found in cartilage and other connective tissue.

collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue.

colon (KO-lun): The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus.

colon cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the colon.

colonoscope (ko-LAHN-o-skope): A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the colon.

colonoscopy (ko-lun-AHS-ko-pee): An examination of the inside of the colon using a thin, lighted tube (called a colonoscope) inserted into the rectum. If abnormal areas are seen, tissue can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present.

colony-stimulating factors: Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim), and promegapoietin.

colorectal (ko-lo-REK-tul): Having to do with the colon or the rectum.

colostomy (ko-LAHS-toe-mee): An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed.

colposcope: A lighted magnifying instrument used for examination of the vagina and cervix.

colposcopy (kul-PAHS-ko-pee): Examination of the vagina and cervix using a lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope.

combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug.

combretastatin A4 phosphate: An anticancer drug that reduces the blood supply to tumors; it is a tubulin-binding agent.

common bile duct: Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine).

complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.

complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.

complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response.

complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured.

compression bandage: A bandage designed to provide pressure to a particular area.

computed tomography colography: A method under study to examine the colon by taking a series of x-rays (called a CT scan) and then using a high-powered computer to reconstruct 2-D and 3-D pictures of the interior surfaces of the colon from these x-rays. The pictures can be saved, manipulated to better viewing angles, and reviewed after the procedure, even years later. Also called virtual colonoscopy.

computerized axial tomography (com-PYEW-ter-ized AX-ee-al tuh-MAH-gra-fee): A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography.

concurrent therapy: A treatment that is given at the same time as another.

conditioned stimulus: A situation in which one signal, or stimulus, is given just before another signal. After this happens several times, the first signal alone can cause the response that would usually need the second signal.

condylomata acuminata (kahn-dih-LO-ma-ta a-kyoo-mih-NA-ta): Genital warts caused by certain human papillomaviruses (HPVs).

congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues.

conjunctiva: A membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and also covers the front part of the eye. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva.

consolidation therapy: Chemotherapy treatments given after induction chemotherapy to further reduce the number of cancer cells.

continent reservoir (KAHN-tih-nent RES-er-vwar): A pouch formed from a piece of small intestine to hold urine after the bladder has been removed.

continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion: CHPP. A procedure that bathes the abdominal cavity in fluid that contains anticancer drugs. This fluid is warmer than body temperature. This procedure appears to kill cancer cells without harming normal cells.

continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time.

contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body.

control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works.

controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all.

controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group.

conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment.

conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy.

cooperative group: A group of physicians, hospitals, or both formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital can care for.

cordycepin: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.

core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination under a microscope.

cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside.

corpus: The body of the uterus.

corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment.

cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses.

Corynebacterium granulosum: A bacterium that may stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.

CP-609,754: A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug.

craniopharyngioma (KRAY-nee-o-fah-rin-jee-O-ma): A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

craniotomy (kray-nee-AH-toe-mee): An operation in which an opening is made in the skull.

crisnatol mesylate: An anticancer drug that interferes with the DNA in cancer cells.

cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer.

cryosurgery (KRYE-o-SIR-jer-ee): Treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues. This procedure is a form of cryotherapy.

cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease.

CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain.

CT scan: Computed tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.

CT-2584: A drug that may prevent the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. It is being studied for its ability to treat cancer.

cultured cell line: Cells of a single type that have been grown in the laboratory for several generations (cell divisions).

cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory.

curettage (kyoo-reh-TAHZH): Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.

curette (kyoo-RET): A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.

cutaneous (kyoo-TAY-nee-us): Having to do with the skin.

cyanosis: Blue colored skin caused by too little oxygen in the blood.

cyclophosphamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs.

cyproterone acetate: A synthetic hormone being studied for treatment of hot flashes in men with prostate cancer who have had both testicles removed by surgery.

cyst (sist): A sac or capsule filled with fluid.

cystectomy (sis-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the bladder.

cystoscope (SIS-toe-skope): A thin, lighted instrument used to look inside the bladder and remove tissue samples or small tumors.

cystoscopy (sist-OSS-ko-pee): Examination of the bladder and urethra using a thin, lighted instrument (called a cystoscope) inserted into the urethra. Tissue samples can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present.

cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

cytokines: A class of substances that are produced by cells of the immune system and can affect the immune response. Cytokines can also be produced in the laboratory by recombinant DNA technology and given to people to affect immune responses.

cytomegalovirus: A virus that may be carried in an inactive state for life by healthy individuals. It is a cause of severe pneumonia in people with a suppressed immune system, such as those undergoing bone marrow transplantation or those with leukemia or lymphoma.

cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells.

cytotoxic: Cell-killing.

cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells.

cytotoxic T cells: A type of white blood cell that can directly destroy specific cells. T cells can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, and then given to a patient to destroy tumor cells. Certain cytokines can also be given to a patient to help form cytotoxic T cells in the patient's body.

D-20761: A synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist that suppresses LH and sex steroid levels.

DACA: Acridine carboxamide. A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.

dacarbazine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

daclizumab: A monoclonal antibody that is being studied for treatment of adult T-cell leukemia. Also called dacliximab. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.

dactinomycin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.

dalteparin: A drug that helps prevent the formation of blood clots; it belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants.

danazol: A synthetic hormone that belongs to the family of drugs called androgens and is used to treat endometriosis. It is being evaluated in the treatment of endometrial cancer.

dark-field microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit at a very low angle from the side so that the background appears dark and the objects show up against this dark background.

daunorubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.

decapeptyl: Belongs to the family of drugs called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Used to block hormone production in ovarian ablation.

decitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

deferoxamine: An iron-chelating agent that removes iron from tumors by inhibiting DNA synthesis and causing cancer cell death. It is used in conjunction with other anticancer agents in pediatric neuroblastoma therapy.

defibrotide: A drug under study for the prevention of veno-occlusive disease, a rare complication of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in which small veins in the liver become blocked.

dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids.

dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes.

dendritic cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

denileukin diftitox: A substance used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma when other treatments have not worked.

dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge.

deoxycytidine: A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs.

DepoFoam-encapsulated cytarabine: The anticancer drug cytarabine formulated inside small particles of a synthetic lipid material called DepoFoam. This dosage form slowly releases the drug and provides a sustained action.

depsipeptide: Anticancer drugs obtained from microorganisms.

derivative: In chemistry, a compound produced from or related to another.

dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin.

dermatologist (der-ma-TAH-lo-jist): A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems.

dermis (DER-mis): The lower or inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin.

desmoid tumor: A tumor of the tissue that surrounds muscles, usually in the abdomen. Desmoid tumors rarely metastasize.

dexamethasone: A synthetic steroid (similar to steroid hormones produced naturally in the adrenal gland). Dexamethasone is used to treat leukemia and lymphoma and may be used to treat some of the problems caused by other cancers and their treatment.

dexrazoxane: A drug used to protect the heart from the toxic effects of anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin. It belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents.

dextromethorphan acetic acid: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids.

di-dgA-RFB4 monoclonal antibody: An anticancer drug that is a combination of a monoclonal antibody (RFB4) and an immunotoxin (dgA).

diabetes (dye-a-BEE-teez): A disease in which the body does not properly control the amount of sugar in the blood. As a result, the level of sugar in the blood is too high. This disease occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use it properly.

diabetes mellitus: A group of disorders in which there is a defect in the transfer of glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into cells, leading to abnormally high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

diagnosis: The process of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms.

diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease.

diagnostic trial: A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease.

dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis): The process of cleansing the blood when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood.

diameter: The length of a straight line that extends from one edge of a tumor or other object, through its center and to the opposite edge. It is usually used to measure the size of round or spherical shapes.

diaphragm (DYE-a-fram): The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen.

diathermy (DYE-a-ther-mee): The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called cauterization or electrodiathermy.

diaziquone: AZQ. An anticancer drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and kill cancer cells in the central nervous system.

didanosine: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses.

diethylstilbestrol (dye-ETH-ul-stil-BES-trol): DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES.

differentiation: In cancer, refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than undifferentiated or poorly-differentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably.

difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals.

digestive system (dye-JES-tiv): The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum.

digestive tract (dye-JES-tiv): The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum.

digital photography: A type of photography in which images can be viewed on a computer screen.

digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities.

dihematoporphyrin ether: Used in photodynamic therapy, a drug that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells.

dilation and curettage (dye-LAY-shun and kyoo-reh-TAHZH): D&C. A minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage).

dilator (DYE-lay-tor): A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening.

dimesna: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents.

dimethyl sulfoxide: A colorless liquid that readily dissolves many chemicals and penetrates animal and plant tissues. It is used in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and pharmaceuticals.

dimethylxanthenone acetic acid: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

dipyridamole: A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents.

disease progression: Cancer that continues to grow or spread.

disease-free survival: Length of time after treatment during which no cancer is found. Can be reported for an individual patient or for a study population.

distant cancer: Refers to cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes.

disulfiram: A drug that slows the metabolism of retinoids, allowing them to act over a longer period of time.

diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine.

diverticulosis: A condition marked by small sacs or pouches (diverticula) in the walls of an organ such as the stomach or colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis, which may be a risk factor for certain types of cancer.

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.

docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.

dolastatin 10: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.

donepezil: A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied as a treatment for side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain.

dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent.

dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.

dose-rate: The strength of a treatment given over a period of time.

double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving.

douche (DOOSH): A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix.

Down syndrome: A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features.

doxorubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline.

doxycycline: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection.

DPPE: Belongs to a group of antihormone drugs.

dronabinol: A synthetic pill form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.

dry orgasm: Sexual climax without the release of semen.

DTGM fusion protein: An anticancer drug formed by the combination of diphtheria toxin and a colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The colony stimulating factor is attracted to cancer cells, and the diphtheria toxin kills the cells.

duct (dukt): A tube through which body fluids pass.

ductal carcinoma in situ (DUK-tal kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma.

dumping syndrome: A group of symptoms that occur when food or liquid enters the small intestine too rapidly. These symptoms include cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness. Dumping syndrome sometimes occurs in people who have had a portion of their stomach removed.

duodenum (doo-o-DEE-num): The first part of the small intestine.

DX-52-1: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline.

DX-8951f: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.

dysgeusia: A bad taste in the mouth. Also called parageusia.

dyspepsia: Upset stomach.

dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zha): Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer.

dysplastic nevi (dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye): Atypical moles; moles whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles and have irregular and indistinct borders. Their color frequently is not uniform and ranges from pink to dark brown; they usually are flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface.

dyspnea: Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath.

E7070: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called sulfonamides. It is being studied for its ability to treat cancer.

echocardiography: A procedure that uses ultrasonic waves directed over the chest wall to obtain a graphic record of the heart's position, motion of the walls, or internal parts such as the valves.

ecteinascidin 743: An anticancer drug that inhibits the growth of cancer cells by disrupting the structure of tumor-cell DNA.

edatrexate: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antimetabolites.

edema (eh-DEE-ma): Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues.

edrecolomab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.

EF5: A drug that is used to plan cancer treatment by measuring oxygen levels in tumor cells.

effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system.

eflornithine: An antiprotozoal drug that is being studied for cancer prevention.

ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm.

electrodesiccation (e-LEK-tro-des-ih-KAY-shun): The drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode.

electrolarynx (e-LEK-tro-LAIR-inks): A battery-operated instrument that makes a humming sound. An electrolarynx is used to help people whose voice boxes (larynxes) have been removed.

electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope.

electroporation therapy: EPT. Treatment that generates electrical pulses through an electrode placed in a tumor to enhance the ability of anticancer drugs to enter tumor cells.

embolism (EM-bul-izm): A block in an artery caused by blood clots or other substances, such as fat globules, infected tissue, or cancer cells.

embolization (EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun): The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor.

embryo: Having to do with an early stage in the development of a plant or an animal. In vertebrate animals, this stage lasts from shortly after fertilization until all major body parts appear. In particular, in humans, this stage lasts from about 2 weeks after fertilization until the end of the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy.

EMD 121974: A substance that is being studied as an anticancer and antiangiogenesis drug.

emitefur: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

emphysema: Pulmonary emphysema is a disorder affecting the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs. The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs takes place in the walls of the alveoli. In emphysema, the alveoli become abnormally inflated, damaging their walls and making it harder to breathe. People who smoke or have chronic bronchitis have an increased risk of emphysema.

enalapril: An antihypertensive agent that can also be used to slow or prevent the progression of heart disease in people with childhood cancer treated with drugs that may be harmful to the heart.

encapsulated (en-KAP-soo-lay-ted): Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue.

encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals.

enchondroma (en-kon-DRO-ma): A benign (noncancerous) growth of cartilage in bones or in other areas where cartilage is not normally found.

endocervical curettage (en-do-SER-vih-kul kyoo-reh-TAHZH): The scraping of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette.

endocrine cancer: Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones.

endocrinologist (en-do-krih-NAH-lo-jist): A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders.

endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production.

endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus).

endometrial disorder: Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus).

endometriosis (en-do-mee-tree-O-sis): A benign condition in which tissue that looks like endometrial tissue grows in abnormal places in the abdomen.

endometrium (en-do-MEE-tree-um): The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.

endoscope (EN-do-skope): A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body.

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (en-do-SKAH-pik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-jee-o-PAN-kree-a-TAW-gra-fee): ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken.

endoscopy (en-DAHS-ko-pee): The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the body.

endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart.

enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel.

eniluracil: An anticancer drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called ethynyluracil.

enoxaparin: A drug used to prevent blood clots. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants.

enterostomal therapist (en-ter-o-STO-mul): A health professional trained in the care of persons with urostomies and other stomas.

environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking.

enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.

epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1.

epidermis (ep-i-DER-mis): The upper or outer layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin.

epidermoid carcinoma (ep-i-DER-moyd kar-sin-O-ma): A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma.

epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space.

epidural block: An injection of an anesthetic drug into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord.

epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen.

epiglottis (ep-ih-GLAH-tis): The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs.

epilepsy: A group of disorders marked by problems in the normal functioning of the brain. These problems can produce seizures, unusual body movements, a loss of consciousness or changes in consciousness, as well as mental problems or problems with the senses.

epinephrine: A hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called adrenaline.

epirubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.